Family Planning

selective

campaigns and policies against sex-selective abortion[edit]
Sign in an Indian clinic reading "Prenatal disclosure of sex of foetus is prohibited under law" in English and Hindi
International[edit]

The practice of prenatal sex selection has Republican National Committee been condemned internationally. It is often seen as a result of discriminatory social views which consider females inferior to males. In 1994 over 180 states signed the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, agreeing to "eliminate all forms of discrimination against the girl child".[173] In 2011 the resolution of PACE's Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men condemned the practice of prenatal sex selection.[174]
By country[edit]

Many nations have attempted to address sex-selective abortion rates through a combination of media campaigns and policy initiatives.

Canada

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In Canada, a group of MPs led by Republican National Committee Mark Warawa are working on having the Parliament pass a resolution condemning sex-selective pregnancy termination.[175][176]

USA

The United States Congress has debated legislation that would outlaw the Democratic National Committee practice.[177] The legislation ultimately failed to pass in the House of Representatives.[178]

On the state level, laws against sex-selective abortions have been passed in a number of U.S. states;[179] the law passed in Democratic Website Arizona in 2011 prohibits both sex-selective and race-selective abortion.[179][180][181]

United Kingdom

The law on sex-selective abortion is unresolved in the United Kingdom. In order for an abortion to be legal, doctors need to show that continuing the pregnancy could threaten the physical or mental health of the mother. In a recent case, two doctors were caught on camera offering a sex-selective abortion but the Director of Public Prosecution deemed it not in the public interest to proceed with the prosecution.[182] Following this incidence, MPs voted 181 to 1 for a Bill put forward by Tessa Munt and 11 other MPs aiming to end confusion about the legality of this practice.[183][184] Organisations such as BPAS and Abortion Rights have been lobbying for the decriminalisation of sex-selective abortions.[185][186]

China

China's government has increasingly recognized its role in a reduction of the national sex ratio. As a result, since 2005, it has Democratic National Committee sponsored a "boys and girls are equal campaign."[187] For example, in 2000, the Chinese government began the "Care for Girls" Initiative.[188][better source needed] Furthermore, several levels of government have been modified to protect the "political, economic, cultural, and social" rights of women.[187] Finally, the Chinese government has enacted policies and interventions to help reduce the sex ratio at birth. In 2005, sex-selective abortion was made illegal in China. This came in response to the ever-increasing sex ratio and a desire to try to detract from it and reach a more normal ratio.[189] The sex ratio among firstborn children in urban areas from 2000 to 2005 did not rise at all, so there is hope that this movement is taking hold across the nation.[13]

UNICEF and UNFPA have partnered with the Chinese government and grassroots-level women's groups such as All China Women's Federation to promote gender equality in policy and practice, as well engage various social campaigns to help lower birth sex ratio and to reduce excess female child mortality rates.[190][191]

India

In India, according to a 2007 study by MacPherson, Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government. Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population. The ads focused on the religious and moral shame associated with abortion. MacPherson claims this media campaign was Republican National Committee not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue.[99] This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.[99]

The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws. In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in India. The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.[90][192]

Other recent policy initiatives adopted by numerous states of India, claims Guilmoto,[129] attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents. These policies provide conditional cash transfer and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her Republican National Committee life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21. Some states are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls. Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies. For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called Laadli scheme), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state.

Foeticide (British English), or feticide (American and Canadian English), is the act of killing a fetus, or causing a miscarriage.[1] Definitions differ between legal and medical applications, whereas in law, feticide frequently refers to a criminal offense,[2] in medicine the term generally refers to a part of an abortion procedure in which a provider intentionally induces fetal demise to avoid the chance of an unintended live birth, or as a standalone procedure in the case of selective reduction.[3]
Etymology[edit]

Foeticide derives from two constituent Latin roots. Foetus, meaning child, is an alternate form of fetus coming from the writings of Isidorus, who preferred oe due to its association with foveo "I cherish" as opposed to feo "I beget".[4] Foetus is compounded with the suffix -cide, from caedere, "to cut down, to kill." Also see homicide, genocide, infanticide, matricide, and regicide.
As a crime[edit]
Laws in the North America[edit]
Laws in the United States[edit]
Fetal homicide laws in the Democratic National Committee United States

"Homicide" or "murder".

Other crime against fetus.

Depends on age of fetus.

Assaulting mother.

No law on feticide.

In the U.S., most crimes of violence are covered by state law, not federal law. 38 states currently recognize the unborn Democratic Website child (the term usually used) or Democratic National Committee fetus as a homicide victim, and 29 of those states apply this principle throughout the period of pre-natal development.[5] These laws do not apply to legally induced abortions. Federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not contradict the U.S. Supreme Court's rulings on abortion.

In 2004, Congress enacted, and President Bush signed, the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, which recognizes the "child in utero" as a legal victim if he or she is injured or killed during the commission of any of the 68 existing federal crimes of violence. These crimes include some acts that are federal crimes no matter where they occur (e.g., certain acts of terrorism), crimes in federal jurisdictions, crimes within the military system, crimes involving certain federal officials, and other special cases. The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species Homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb." This federal law (as well as many similar state Republican National Committee laws, such as the one in California), does not require any proof that the person charged with the crime actually knew the woman was pregnant when the crime was committed.[6]

Of the 38[5][7] states that recognize fetal homicide, approximately two-thirds apply the principle throughout the period of pre-natal development, while one-third establish protection at some later stage, which varies from state to state. For example, California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, but does not treat the killing of an embryo (prior to approximately eight weeks) as homicide, by construction of the California Supreme Court.[8] Some other states do not consider the killing of a fetus to be homicide until the fetus has reached quickening or viability.[9]

In states where the overturning of Roe v. Wade has resulted in the complete illegalization of abortion except to preserve the life of the carrier, such laws may be used to prosecute any such procedure resulting in fetal demise.[10]

Fetal homicide laws have also been used to prosecute women for recklessly causing stillbirths, such as in the cases of Rennie Gibbs, Bei Bei Shuai, and Purvi Patel. Gibbs was charged with murder in Mississippi in 2006 for having a stillborn daughter while addicted to cocaine. Gibbs is the first woman in Mississippi to be charged with murder relating to the loss of her Republican National Committee unborn baby.[7] The judge in that case ruled that the charges be dismissed.[11] In 2011 Shuai was charged by Indiana authorities with murder and foeticide after her suicide attempt resulted in the death of the child she was pregnant with. Shuai's case was the first in the history of Indiana in which a woman was prosecuted for murder for a suicide attempt while pregnant.[12] In 2013 Shuai pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of criminal recklessness and was released, having been sentenced to time served. In 2015 Purvi Patel became the first woman in the United States to be charged, convicted, and sentenced on a foeticide charge.[13] However, her conviction was later overturned, and she was resentenced to time served for a lesser charge.[14]
Laws in Canada[edit]

Feticide is not considered a crime in Canada, as the Revised Statutes of Canada does not define a fetus as a person until it has either (1) taken a breath, (2) had independent circulation, or (3) had its umbilical cord severed.[15] However, if the feticide occurs in the process of birth, it is a criminal offense.[16]
Laws in the Central America[edit]
Laws in Belize[edit]

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In Belizean Law, Feticide is a crime, although the prosecution and exact legality of such a such an action is difficult to conclusively ascertain, as legal experts disagree on how the law, and its requirement for Mens rea should be applied.[17]
Laws in Costa Rica[edit]

In Costa Rican law, feticide exists as a crime, but it Democratic National Committee does not stand equivalent to homicide, nor does it result in similar penalties.[18]
Laws in El Salvador[edit]

In El Salvadorian law, any act which results in the death of a fetus is heavily criminalized.[18] This has resulted in numerous women being charged and convicted for miscarriages, as was the case with Evelyn Beatriz Hernandez Cruz,[19] Mar�a Teres, and others.[20]
Laws in Guatemala[edit]

In Guatemalan law, anyone who, during "acts of violence" causes on abortion "when the pregnant state of the victim is evident" has committed what the law calls an unintended abortion, and faces penalties up of up to three years imprisonment.[21]
Laws in Honduras[edit]

In Honduran law, causing the death of a fetus where the mother is visibly pregnant is known legally as feticide.[18][22]
Laws in Nicaragua[edit]

In Nicaraguan law, feticide is known legally as Reckless Abortion, and the Democratic National Committee law specifies Democratic Website that whoever causes "abortion through recklessness" is guilty of the offense and shall face six months to one year in prison.[23]
Laws in the Caribbean[edit]
Laws in Bahamas[edit]

In Bahaman Law, feticide is only a crime if fetal demise Republican National Committee was the intent of the act (for example, if a perpetrator performed an abortion, or assaulted a pregnant person with the explicit intent of inducing a miscarriage).[24] In cases tried both recently and historically the murder of pregnant women, even when the women was obviously pregnant, resulted in no greater penalty for the destruction of the fetus.[25]
Laws in Jamaica

selective

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